Understanding the mechanisms underlying involuntary entry ( Di Lollo et al., 2000 Mathewson et al., 2009) remains one of the most formidable challenges in science ( Crick and Koch, 2003). Consistent with these observations, several theorists (e.g., Helmholtz, 1856/1961 James, 1890 Freud, 1938 Lashley, 1956 Miller, 1959, 1962 Wegner, 1989) have proposed that, in most circumstances, one is conscious only of what can be regarded as the outputs of mental operations, but not of the operations themselves. Urges (e.g., to cover oneself with a blanket), too, can enter consciousness in this involuntary manner ( Loewenstein, 1996 Morsella et al., 2009a, b) 3. Experiments on perception (e.g., Allen et al., 2016 Firestone and Scholl, 2016) reveal that entry into consciousness of this nature (“involuntary entry,” for short) is influenced by many factors 2. This event, in which conscious contents 1 “just happen” to an observer ( Morsella et al., 2016), illustrates what usually occurs in everyday life, when the conscious contents composing the conscious field arise effortlessly, passively, and involuntarily ( Morsella et al., 2016). Upon awakening during the middle of the night, the eyes open and one immediately experiences percepts and urges – the sight of a nightstand, the sound of a clock, and the urge to cover oneself with a blanket.
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